Rabu, 31 Juli 2019

Evolution Of Entreprenership




Evolution Of Entreprenership

  1. The First Entrepreneur: Neolithic's Caveman
The first entrepreneur was the engineering caveman. While the other cave dwellers lugged their food on slabs, he saw the need for a better system of transportation and invented the wheel.
  1. Trader's Delight: The Phoenician
Phoenician traders sailed up and down the Mediterranean selling Tyrian Purple, a commodity desired by the Greeks. And they also were the first to use the alphabet to hold trades strategy.
  1. To Market They Go: Roman Merchants
Roman entrepreneurs were present in all the open-air markets and covered shops, hawking goods by the side of the road. They also expanded their business to Roman military camps, where they sold food and clothing to soldiers.
  1. Explore-Preneurs: Renaissance Trades Man
Began business in exploration and the newest invention, the printing press, while many still maintained trade businesses.
  1. American Innovation: Colonial America
The next evolutionary stage of entrepreneurship came during colonial times, as represented by Benjamin Franklin. Among his many parents, newspapers and print shops, he never fprgot the most important tool for any entrepreneur: effective networking.
  1. Golden Age : 1840s-1870s
The next form of the entrepreneur came in the form of men heading. West in the 1840s to find gold. While many treasure hunters came back empty-handed, Levi Strauss and other entrepreneurs made the journey because they saw market potential in these diggers.
  1. Utilitarian Entrepreneur: 1880s-1900s
Tech-savvy entrepreneurs, who evolved in the late 1880s and early 1900s, based their businesses on electricity. Men like Thomas Edison came from humble origins, but soon turned their businesses into larger-than-life corporations.
  1. Ladies’ Turn: 1920s
With the suffrage movement gaining momentum, many women began starring their own businesses. One such entrepreneur, CoCo Chanel, created international sensation because of her clothes and savvy business skills.
  1. Revenge Of The Geeks: 1980s-1990s
The next entrepreneurial evolution did not occur until the late 80s and early 90s, when start-ups-began navigating the Internet. Then, any entrepreneur worth his salt had a business card that ended in .com.
  1. Tweet This, Like That : 2006-Present
Instead of using the Internet as a forum for their business, social media entrepreneurs are reshaping it to fit their business. These social media entrepreneurs thrive on connectivity and social media colloquialisms such as ‘Like’,’Digg,’and’Tweet’.

The Evolution of Entrepreneurship
The pursuit of profit isn’t a new one, and from Marco Polo to Mark Zuckerberg, the world has seen many different faces attempt this venture. One common characteristic, though? Entrepreneurship. Take a look at what it looked like seven centuries ago, and how it has evolved since.
  • Adventure-preneur
Global business? That’s not a 21st century discovery. In fact, we have the early Renaissance entrepreneurs to thank for that. Craftsmen in the 1300s spent several years working as apprentices to learn their trade, make more money and therefore hold more power in civic affairs. When product demand eventually grew to be more than the average tradesman could provide, trade expanded into other countries, and the “adventure-preneur” was born.
  • Colonial Expansion
Thanks to ship-building advancement, the first global company, the Dutch East India Company, got its start during this time period. With international travel now booming, merchants began readjusting their selling tactics by strategically setting up trading posts along trade routes to sell supplies to shipping crews. Because colonies didn’t rapidly show profit in these tactics, many English investors withdrew their capital, leaving the market less-competitive– and entrepreneurs more independent than ever (Cue the United States’ independence).
  • Industrial Revolution
The next evolutionary stage of entrepreneurship introduces the great innovators many of us so commonly know. Inventors such as Benjamin Franklin and Eli Whitney thrived during this era, but they weren’t the only ones in the market. Business owners could taste what success was like, and began rapidly working on inventions to increase productivity, scale manufacturing and reduce costs. And with wind-powered energy a hindrance of the past, they did just that. In fact, we can thank the inventors of this time period for the technology, transportation and communication that we have today.
  • 20th Century
With global trade, electricity and communication now at most entrepreneurs’ fingertips, business in the 20th century was on the rise, with no end in sight. With mass communication now a viable option for marketing a business, 20th century business owners took advantage of it. Advertising spending went up to 45% of the United States’ income, and by 1910, $600 million was being invested into advertising for big businesses alone. For the first time ever, entrepreneurs had newspapers, television and radio as platforms to share their products with the world.
  • Today
Welcome to the Information Age! Gone are the days when computers fill an entire room. Personal computers are now the norm, and global marketplaces can be accessed with the click of a button. Geographic borders, that were once limitations, have been blurred, and most entrepreneurs can boast a “.com” at the end of their business name. Modern day business owners no longer just spend their time innovating new products and services, but instead, they manage employees and run new companies.
  • The Future
We may not be able to predict what entrepreneurship will look like in the future, or whose face will represent the next era, but we know one thing will remain the same– our team at Arkansas Capital will be here supporting entrepreneurs and growing local businesses in our state. Since 1957, our team has provided flexible financing products of over $1.5 billion in capital to help meet business owners’ needs. 
The  Stages Of  Evolution For  Entrepreneurs Across The World
Discover the stages of evolution for successful entrepreneurs who have made it big throughout the course of time. Interesting research by Grasshopper Group, on how Bill Gates” age of founding Microsoft would have differed compared to the age of Facebook and Twitter, where the rise of mobile applications, cloud computing and online communities have shifted consumer interactions and behaviours globally.
From the Stone Age, to the Medieval Age where barter trading thrived as a entrepreneurial venture, to the introduction of suited men or computer geeks in the 1980s founding IT companies, to now founders who dress up casually and work with communities online. Follow this journey of discovering how far entrepreneurs have evolved and come to being, to be relevant for the demands of this time or age. What is next?
Stages of Entrepreneurship
Stage 1 : The Birth of Your Start-Up: This is the beginning of the entrepreneurship cycle of an entrepreneur. It is filled with mixed emotions of excitement, thrill and fear all at the same time. It is time you are seeking independence in the business world and ready to create your own name in the market. You have had a million dollar idea for your startup, but you are not quite sure how to execute it at this stage. But you have a clear vision and a clear mission.
Stage 2 : Surviving and Growing Your Business: This is the stage where you have successfully launched your new company, and now you are looking for strategies to survive in the industry. Some entrepreneurs look for investors who could fund their start-ups while some others chose to stay independent. Both have their pros and cons. While choosing to stay independent will give you more power and control over your start-up, it will put you in a tricky financial situation. The main aim of this stage is survival.  You have to select what is best for you.
Stage 3 : The Hyper Stage: When your company is seeing hyper growth suddenly, you will not be in control of the outcomes. At this stage, many start-ups go into trouble because entrepreneurs start getting over confident having seen success. They feel that there is nothing they could do wrong. Those who get cocky at this stage end up being blindsided. Some entrepreneurs start celebrating and enjoying in this stage and completely forget about their desired goals and missions. To survive this stage, you have to be stable. Your start-up has to be stable.
Stage 4 : The Prime Stage: When your company has crossed the point of survival and stability that is when real success is reached. This is the more predictable growth phase. It is best to stay in his phase as long as you can. You realize that other businesses and companies can make you stronger because they themselves are strong enough. You start to explore partnerships with other companies. You form inter depended relations with other successful companies. This keeps your company in its prime and enhances your growth opportunities.
Stage 5 : Aging and Early Decline: A situation might come up where one of the most significant faces of your company moves out or your partnerships with others dont work out. Someone else might have come up with a better idea in the market, and your idea might have become useless. This leads to your business and company being disrupted. At this stage, you can do one of two things: You can either restart your journey to unwind what you began, or you can disrupt your company.
Stage 6 : Illness and Rapid Decline: This phase should be expected if you are too late in figuring out the early signs of decline. This happens when your team is no longer sure what they are supposed to do, or it is unable to fix the problems that come up. If you don’t take action immediately, it will lead to fears, uncertainties and doubts setting in. The company is sure to fail and decline if no action is taken.
Stage 7 : Death: There are times when no matter how hard we work to make a start-up work, it just fails. Sometimes you are so deep into the hole that has been created due to bankruptcy or restrained cash flow, that there is no way to dig yourself out. At times like these, the best option is to shut your business down because it is leading nowhere. Take it down before it takes you down with it.
It is better to be well informed and well researched before entering the world of entrepreneurships and start-ups. Know what you’re doing and stay focused on your goals.

Source :
  1. https://grasshopper.com/resources/infographics/evolution-of-the-entrepreneur
  2. http://arcapital.com/the-evolution-of-entrepreneurship/
  3. https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/293463



Minggu, 30 Juni 2019

Style In Written English


     Participles as adjective
Kata Sifat dibagi menjadi dari descriptive adjective dan limiting adjective. Particilple as adjective termasuk  descriptive adjective, adalah kata sifat yang dibentuk dari kata kerja. Dalam hal ini pariciple dapat dibagi menjadi dua yaitu active participle (verb+ing) dan passive participle (verb+ed). Dengan perbedaan bentuk otomatis memberi perbedaan arti pada kata tersebut, perhatikan contoh di bawah:

1. Participles as adjective dapat berupa kata sifat yang dibentuk dari kata kerja tertentu yang memiliki arti yang berbeda pada penggunaannya.
She is bored vs. She is boring
Kata bored dan bore hampir memiliki arti yang sama , yaitu bosan. She is bored-> dia bosan.
Kata boring berarti kata dasar yang mendapat awalan me- atau mem-. She is boring-> dia membosankan.
Dengan kata lain active participle adalah cause of feeling or emotions, penyebab atupun sumber sehingga perassan atau emosi terjadi, sedangkan passive participle adalah receive of feeling or emotions, penerima ata efek perasaan atau emosi.

Contoh,
*It is a tiring day for Joe, now he is getting tired.
Ini adalah hari yang melelahkan untuk Joe, sekarang dia lelah.
* I'm surprised, my friends give me a surprising birthday party suddenly.
Saya terkejut, teman-teman saya memberi pesta kejutan ulang tahun secara tiba-tiba.
*The questions are confusing, I am a million confused.
Soal-soalnya memusingkan, saya sangat pusing.
 Singkatnya, tiring dan tired berasal dari kata tire (membuat lelah), konteks dalam kalimatlah yang membuat penggunaan kata harus sesuai dengan fungsinya. Well agak ribet kan, so practice makes you perfect by clicking this if possible,
http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/passive3a.html

2. Participles as adjective dapat dibentuk dari action verbs, active participle menyatakan hal ersebut sedang terjadi pada saat diucapkan sedangkan passive participle menyatakan hasil dari sesuatu yang telah belangsung.
*A running boy can win the next competition.
Anak laki-laki yang sedang berlari dapat mamenangkan pertandingan.
*I like that fried potato.
Saya menyukai kentang yang telah digoreng.
·       Redundancy

Redundancy adalah pengulangan kata yang tidak diperlukan atau penggunaan beberapa kata yang seharusnya dapat dapat dihindari hanya dengan menggunakan satu kata saja.
Kalimat-kalimat berikut mengandung redundancy. Penjelasan pilihan kata yang salah diberikan setelah masing-masing kalimat agar Anda dapat memahaminya segera.

1.   The best way to learn English is to repeat the lesson again at home so that they won’t forget it easily. (Jawaban: again adalah redundancy karena kata repeat sudah mengandung arti “mengulang lagi”)

2.  You must translate the text in a careful manner in order that the meaning of the text in the source language is not lost. (Jawaban: in a careful manner adalah redundancy. Seharusnya carefully bisa digunakan)

3.   The language that it is used internationally should be mastered before you participate in an international organization. (Jawaban: it adalah redundancy karena sudah diwakili oleh that sebagai subyek anak kalimat “that is used internationally”. Berarti kata “it” tidak diperlukan.)

·       Parallel Construction

Correlative Conjunction adalah sebuah kata hubung yang biasanya digunakan berpasang untuk dapat menyatakan hubungan sejajar dan selaras antara dua kata atau klausa seperti sebagai subject, object dan klausa lainnya.
Sifat hubungan keduanya biasanya secara gramatikal bersifat paralel ( berkedudukan sejajar ) itulah kenapa biasanya materi ini juga disebut Parallel Construction.

1. Both ... And .... ( Baik .... Maupun ... )
    Both yang kemudian bertemu dengan And dalam satu kalimat biasanya memiliki hubungan penambahan yang memiliki hubungan sejajar.
    Rumus :
    Both + Noun + And + Noun
    Contoh :
    Elina likes ice cream, She like tea too.
    Answer :
    Elina likes Both Ice Cream And Tea.

2. Either ... Or ... ( Baik .... Ataupun .... )
    Either yang kemudian bertemu Or dalam satu kalimat biasanya memiliki hubungan penambahan yang hubungannya sejajar. biasanya either lebih sering digunakan untuk hubungan 2 buah noun sebagai subject ataupun object.
    Rumus :
    Either + Noun + Or + Noun
    Contoh :
    Forza is a best designer, Elfa is a best designer.
    Answer :
    Either Forza or Elfa is a best designer.

3. Neither ... Nor ... ( Baik ... Ataupun Tidak ... )
    Neither yang kemudian yang bertemu Nor dalam suatu kalimat memiliki hubungan penambahan yang hubungannya sejajar. biasanya Neither lebih sering digunakan untuk hubungan 2 buah kata sebagai subject, adjective maupun object. Pasangan kalimat ini mengandung makna negatif, dengan kata lain apabila kalimat asal yang belum disatukan negatif kita tidak perlu menambah not pada kalimat itu.
    Rumus :
    Neither + Noun + Nor + Noun
    Either + Adj + Or + Adj
    Contoh :
    Rafa is not handsome, Rey is not handsome.
    Answer :
    Neither Rafa nor Rey is handsome.

·       Transformation of direct and indirect  object

direct object adalah penderita langsung dari suatu tindakan di dalam satu kalimat. contohnya “he hit the ball.” namun, kita harus berhati-hati untuk membedakan antara direct object dan object complement:

    * they named their daughter natasha.

dalam kalimat ini, “daughter” adalah direct object dan “natasha” adalah object complement, yang menggambarkan atau memberikan penjelasan dari direct object-nya.

Indirect object mengindentifikasikan untuk siapa tindakan tersebut dibuat. Direct object dan Indirect object adalah orang, tempat, atau sesuatu yang berbeda. Direct object dalam kalimat berikut ini adalah yang dicetak tebal. Indirect Objek yang bercetak miring.

    * The instructor gave his students A’s.
    * Grandfather left Rosalita and Raoul all his money.
    * Jo-Bob sold me her boat.

Bersamaan dengan itu, kata me (atau sama dengan kata lainnya, yaitu him, us, them) biasanya berperan menjadi Direct Object.

    * Bless me/her/us!
    * Call me/him/them if you have questions.

·       Adverbial of the beginning of a sentence
Adverbial clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (kata keterangan) dan memberikan informasi tentang verb, adjective, atau adverb yang berada pada independent clause dengan kapasitasnya menjawab pertanyaan: how, when, where, why, atau to what degree.
Adverbial clause dimulai dengan suatu kata yang disebut subordinate conjunction (when, after, because, though, etc). Kata ini berguna untuk menjembatani hubungan dengan independent clause yang diterangkan. Gabungan klausa ini dengan independent clause dinamakan dengan complex sentence (kalimat kompleks), yaitu kalimat yang terdiri dari independent dan satu atau lebih dependent clause.
Macam-macam adverbial clause antara lain: adverbial clause of time (waktu), place (tempat), cause & effect (sebab & akibat), purpose & result (tujuan & hasil), condition (pengandaian), contrast/consession (pertentangan), manner (cara), dan reason (alasan).
Ø  Contoh Adverbial Clause:
Complex Sentence
Keterangan
When he cleaned the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food.
(Dia membersihkan dapur ketika dia menemukan banyak makanan kadaluarsa.)
When= subordinate conjunction;
When he cleaned the kitchen= adverbial clause;
he found a lot of expired food= independent clause
Ø Rumus Adverbial Clause
Rumus complex sentence dan adverbial clause adalah sebagai berikut.
Complex Sentence:
Independent clause (s+v+/-)*+ adverbial clause
Adverbial Clause:
Subordinate conjunction +s+v+/-..
*S + V +/- … = predicate
Punctuation (Tanda Baca) pada Adverbial Clause
Adverbial clause dapat berada di awal kalimat, kemudian diikuti oleh independent clause. Sebaliknya, independent clause dapat berada di awal kalimat, kemudian diikuti oleh adverbial clause. Jika berada di awal, diujung klausa ini diberi tanda baca koma.
Contoh Complex Sentence:
Di awal: Because I had free time, I visited your house.
Di akhir: I visited your house because I had free time. (Saya mengunjungi rumahmu karena saya punya waktu luang.)

Sumber : 
http://nurfitriniramadhani.blogspot.com/2011/05/participle-as-adjective.html
http://english-mygrammar.blogspot.com/2012/10/redundancy-problems-in-english.html
http://efatzwa.blogspot.com/2013/06/my-task-parallel-construction-both-and.html
http://ismailworld.wordpress.com/2008/06/02/direct-indirect-object/
http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-dan-contoh-kalimat-adverbial-clauses

Passive Voice, Causative Have


Pengertian Causative Verb
Causative verb adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa subjectmembuat seseorang atau sesuatu melakukan suatu aksi.
Contoh causative verb yaitu: allowcauseconfinceenableforcegethaveholdkeepleadletmake, motivate, permit, dan require. Namun yang paling populer antara lain: letmakehave, dan get.
contoh kalimat causative verb
Active dan Passive Causative Structure
Seseorang atau sesuatu yang sesungguhnya melakukan aksi disebut agent, sedangkan aksi yang dilakukan oleh agent diungkapkan dalam action verb.
Action verb tersebut bentuknya dapat dalam bare infinitive (bentuk dasar kata kerja) atau infinitive (to verb), tergantung kata kerja apa yang digunakan. Struktur di atas disebut active causative structure.
Rumus Active Causative Structure:
S + causative verb + agent + action verb (bare infinitive / infinitive)

causative verb yang diikuti bare infinitive:
·        have
·        let
·        make
causative verb yang diikuti infinitive:
·        allow
·        cause
·        convince
·        enable
·        force
·        get
·        lead
·        motivate
·        permit
·        require
Contoh Kalimat Active Causative Structure:
I’ll have the plumber fix the sink.
(Saya akan menyuruh tukang ledeng memperbaiki wastafel itu.) 
saya menyebabkan aksi memperbaiki wastafel dilakukan
Adapula struktur yang biasanya tidak menyebutkan agent (dapat disebutkan dengan prepositional phrase “by …”) dan menggunakan action verb dalam past participle (verb-3) yang disebut passive causative structure.
Rumus Passive Causative Structure:
S + causative verb + object + action verb (past participle)

causative verb yang diikuti past participle:
·        get
·        have
Contoh Kalimat Passive Causative Structure:
had my hair cut.
(Saya memotong rambut.) 
dilakukan oleh orang lain dengan permintaan saya
Makna dan Contoh Kalimat Causative Verb Let, Make, Have, dan Get
Letmakehaveget masing-masing memiliki makna dan rumus yang berbeda  sebagai causative verb.
1. Let
Let someone/something do something (let + agent + bare infinitive) berarti memperbolehkan (allow) seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu atau membiarkan sesuatu terjadi tanpa berusaha menghentikannya.
Contoh Kalimat Causative Verb:
1
My father let me choose my future career.
(Ayah saya memperbolehkan saya memilih karir masa depan saya.)
2
The shepherd lets his sheep graze in the meadow.
(Gembala itu membiarkan domba-dombanya merumput di padang rumput.)
2. Make
Make someone do something (make + agent + bare infinitive) untuk menunjukkan bahwa subjek kalimat memaksa (force) untuk melakukan sesuatu atau menyebabkan (cause) seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu yang tidak dapat dia kendalikan.
Contoh Kalimat Causative Verb:
1
She made her daughter eat broccoli.
(Dia memaksa anak perempuannya memakan brokoli.) 
force
2
The manager makes her staff work hard.
(Manager itu mendorong staffnya bekerja keras.) 
force
3
Hendra always makes me laugh.
(Hendra selalu membuat saya tertawa.) 
cause
3. Have
Have somebody do something (have + agent + bare infinitive) digunakan ketika kita membicarakan tentang kita menyebabkan (cause), membujuk (persuade), meminta (ask) atau mengatur (arrange) seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu untuk kita. Have somebody doing something (have + agent + present participle) juga dapat digunakan untuk aksi yang terjadi secara terus-menerus selama periode waktu tertentu.
Adapula have something done (have + object + past participle) untuk membicarakan tentang seseorang yang melakukan sesuatu yang kita minta atau instruksikan untuk kita dengan menekankan pada proses atau aksi daripada yang melakukannya.
Contoh Kalimat Causative Verb:
1
I’ll have him take your kids to school.
(Saya akan mengatakan padanya untuk mengantar anak-anakmu ke sekolah.)
2
My boss had me working on several projects at a time last year.
(Bos menyuruh saya mengerjakan beberapa proyek dalam waktu yang bersamaan tahun lalu.)
3
had my house renovated last week.
(Rumah saya direnovasi minggu lalu.)
4
She had her phone’s battery replaced by a local shop.
(Baterai ponselnya diganti oleh toko setempat.)
4. Get
Get somebody/someone to do something (get + agent + infinitive) mirip maknanya dengan have somebody do something namun berbeda struktur kalimat. Have diikuti bare infinitive, sementara get diikuti infinitive. Sedangkan get something done (get + object + past participle) sama dengan have something done yang berarti mengakibatkan sesuatu dilakukan atau terjadi.
Contoh Kalimat Causative Verb:
1
She got her father to buy her a new bag.
(Dia membuat ayahnya membelikannya tas baru.)
2
got my cat to stop biting.
(Saya membuat kucing saya berhenti menggigit.)
3
Yulia got her room cleaned.
(Yulia menyuruh seseorang untuk membersihkan kamarnya.) 
~ Yulia had her room cleaned
References:
1.      Definition of get verb from the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/get. Accessed on March 9, 2019.
2.      Definition of let verb from the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/let_1. Accessed on March 9, 2019.
3.      Make. http://www.learnersdictionary.com/definition/make. Accessed on March 9, 2019.
4.      Causative Verbs. https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Causative-Verbs.htm. Accessed on March 10, 2019.
5.      Have. http://www.learnersdictionary.com/definition/have. Accessed on March 10, 2019.
6.      Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms: Causative Verbs.